๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ข ๋ฃ ์ ๋ณด์ ์์ฐ/์์ญ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ
Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities |
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Holdings at end of time period Billions of dollars Link: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/slt_table5.txt |
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Country |
2024-02 |
2024-01 |
2023-12 |
2023-11 |
2023-10 |
2023-09 |
2023-08 |
2023-07 |
2023-06 |
2023-05 |
2023-04 |
2023-03 |
2023-02 |
Japan |
1167.9 |
1151.5 |
1136.7 |
1127.5 |
1098.2 |
1086.4 |
1115.5 |
1111.8 |
1104.1 |
1096.1 |
1125.8 |
1086.6 |
1080.7 |
China, Mainland |
775.0 |
797.7 |
816.3 |
782.0 |
769.6 |
778.1 |
805.4 |
821.8 |
835.8 |
846.7 |
868.9 |
869.3 |
849.0 |
United Kingdom |
700.8 |
691.2 |
678.5 |
716.2 |
693.0 |
668.9 |
693.3 |
657.9 |
674.6 |
657.0 |
675.6 |
705.0 |
635.1 |
Luxembourg |
379.0 |
376.5 |
370.7 |
371.2 |
345.4 |
373.6 |
365.8 |
352.0 |
330.7 |
331.5 |
332.3 |
328.5 |
327.2 |
Canada |
353.8 |
339.8 |
336.1 |
321.1 |
281.5 |
280.5 |
295.1 |
293.9 |
275.6 |
265.9 |
247.1 |
245.3 |
235.3 |
Belgium |
320.0 |
293.1 |
314.4 |
296.5 |
285.4 |
317.0 |
316.7 |
318.7 |
331.8 |
335.5 |
336.6 |
337.0 |
330.9 |
Ireland |
316.9 |
319.0 |
331.5 |
314.8 |
299.4 |
294.9 |
294.4 |
271.5 |
277.8 |
245.1 |
244.9 |
253.0 |
248.7 |
Cayman Islands |
302.6 |
318.5 |
305.4 |
319.1 |
323.8 |
314.8 |
309.3 |
295.6 |
274.5 |
263.1 |
275.8 |
288.5 |
285.9 |
France |
284.0 |
268.6 |
250.3 |
259.8 |
235.1 |
228.2 |
228.2 |
229.4 |
218.2 |
212.9 |
201.0 |
184.4 |
182.3 |
Switzerland |
256.6 |
283.1 |
287.9 |
276.2 |
275.7 |
280.1 |
283.5 |
302.2 |
306.2 |
304.4 |
298.3 |
305.4 |
290.1 |
Taiwan |
255.6 |
255.9 |
252.5 |
238.0 |
231.4 |
236.3 |
241.0 |
243.0 |
241.3 |
239.8 |
244.5 |
239.5 |
231.6 |
India |
234.7 |
236.1 |
233.7 |
224.9 |
222.0 |
229.1 |
232.5 |
233.1 |
235.4 |
238.3 |
238.7 |
237.9 |
231.2 |
Brazil |
225.6 |
226.8 |
230.3 |
224.9 |
219.4 |
223.0 |
223.2 |
224.7 |
227.5 |
230.0 |
229.8 |
224.4 |
215.2 |
Hong Kong |
212.5 |
228.5 |
234.2 |
211.1 |
199.1 |
197.0 |
202.6 |
205.9 |
198.9 |
216.1 |
222.2 |
223.1 |
212.5 |
Singapore |
205.4 |
204.7 |
199.5 |
196.2 |
190.5 |
187.3 |
184.2 |
186.6 |
187.3 |
203.2 |
201.1 |
194.9 |
189.9 |
Norway |
138.6 |
144.9 |
126.1 |
113.6 |
121.2 |
121.6 |
126.3 |
127.5 |
126.4 |
122.0 |
122.8 |
119.1 |
116.6 |
Saudi Arabia |
130.5 |
130.8 |
132.0 |
128.1 |
117.5 |
117.1 |
112.0 |
109.2 |
110.7 |
111.3 |
113.3 |
116.2 |
111.7 |
Korea, South |
119.2 |
118.6 |
119.0 |
116.0 |
112.8 |
112.9 |
117.8 |
115.7 |
115.0 |
115.4 |
111.5 |
113.9 |
110.8 |
Germany |
90.8 |
90.2 |
87.3 |
104.6 |
104.5 |
102.3 |
96.4 |
96.3 |
95.5 |
92.0 |
87.4 |
85.5 |
87.2 |
Bermuda |
86.1 |
86.2 |
90.2 |
89.0 |
89.0 |
88.5 |
86.9 |
86.1 |
83.2 |
71.8 |
75.0 |
79.1 |
77.8 |
All Other |
1410.1 |
1383.6 |
1408.3 |
1377.6 |
1350.4 |
1366.3 |
1371.5 |
1375.1 |
1368.6 |
1321.2 |
1321.6 |
1320.3 |
1278.9 |
Grand Total |
7965.4 |
7945.4 |
7940.8 |
7808.4 |
7565.0 |
7604.1 |
7701.4 |
7658.0 |
7618.8 |
7519.4 |
7574.3 |
7556.9 |
7328.5 |
Of Which: Foreign Official |
3764.9 |
3793.1 |
3786.9 |
3684.1 |
3640.4 |
3691.0 |
3738.1 |
3758.8 |
3769.2 |
3782.7 |
3789.7 |
3769.9 |
3693.1 |
Of Which: Foreign Official Treasury Bills |
266.3 |
250.3 |
250.0 |
246.0 |
234.8 |
234.5 |
237.8 |
236.6 |
220.4 |
234.4 |
231.3 |
252.3 |
256.9 |
Of Which: Foreign Official T-Bonds & Notes |
3498.6 |
3542.8 |
3537.0 |
3438.1 |
3405.6 |
3456.5 |
3500.4 |
3522.2 |
3548.8 |
3548.3 |
3558.4 |
3517.6 |
3436.2 |
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Notes: |
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The data in this table are collected primarily from U.S.-based custodians and broker-dealers. Since U.S. securities held in overseas custody accounts may not be attributed to the actual owners, the data may not provide a precise accounting of individual country ownership of Treasury securities (see TIC FAQ #7 at: http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Pages/ticfaq1.aspx). Estimated foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury marketable and non-marketable bills, bonds, and notes reported under the Treasury International Capital (TIC) reporting system are based on monthly data on holdings of Treasury bonds and notes as reported on TIC Form SLT, "Aggregate Holdings, Purchases and Sales, and Fair Value Changes of Long-Term Securities by U.S. and Foreign Residents" and on TIC Form BL2, "Report of Customers' U.S. Dollar Liabilities to Foreign Residents." ์ด ํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ก์ปค-๋๋ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ํด์ธ ์ํ ๊ณ์ข์์ ๋ณด์ ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฆ๊ถ์ ์ค์ ์์ ์์๊ฒ ์ ํํ ๊ท์๋์ง ์์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ํด๋น ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ฑ ๋ณด์ ๋์ ์ ํํ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. (TIC FAQ #7 ์ฐธ๊ณ : http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Pages/ticfaq1.aspx) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ ๊ตญ์ ์๋ณธ(TIC) ๋ณด๊ณ ์์คํ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ฑ(์์ฅ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น์์ฅ์ฑ ๊ตญ์ฑ, ์ฑ๊ถ, ์ด์)์ ์ถ์ ๋ ํด์ธ ๋ณด์ ๋์ ๋ค์์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํฉ๋๋ค.
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Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
The Marcos family, a political family in the Philippines, owns various assets that Philippine courts have determined to have been acquired through illicit means during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965–1986. These assets are referred to using several terms, including "ill-gotten wealth" and "unexplained wealth," while some authors such as Belinda Aquino and Philippine Senator Jovito Salonga more bluntly refer to it as the "Marcos Plunder".
A 2005 image of 40 Wall Street, one of four Manhattan buildings purchased by the Marcoses in the early 1980s.
Legally, the Philippine Supreme Court defines this "ill-gotten wealth" as the assets the Marcoses acquired beyond the amount legally declared by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos in the president's statements of assets and liabilities—which amounts to only about US$13,500.00 from his salary as president. The court also deems that such wealth should be forfeited and turned over to the government or of the human rights victims of Marcos's authoritarian regime. Estimates of the amount the Marcoses reportedly acquired in the last few years of the Marcos administration range from US$5 billion to $13 billion.: 634–635 : 27 No exact figures can be determined for the amount acquired through the entire 21 years of the Marcos regime. But prominent Marcos-era economist Jesus Estanislao has suggested that the amount could go up to as high as US$30 billion.: 175
Among the sources of the Marcos wealth are alleged to be: diverted foreign economic aid, US Government military aid (including huge discretionary funds at Marcos disposal as a "reward" for sending some Filipino troops to Vietnam) and kickbacks from public works contracts over a two-decades-long rule.
This wealth includes: real estate assets both within the Philippines and in several other countries, notably the United States; collections of jewelry and artwork; shares and other financial instruments; bank accounts, both in the Philippines and overseas, notably Switzerland, the United States, Singapore, and the British Virgin Islands; and in some instances, actual cash assets.
Some of this wealth has been recovered as the result of various court cases, either as funds or properties returned to the Philippine government, or by being awarded as reparations to the victims of human rights abuses under Marcos's presidency. Some of it has also been recovered by the Philippine government through settlements and compromise deals, either with the Marcoses themselves or with cronies who said that certain properties had been entrusted to them by the Marcoses. Some of the recovery cases have been dismissed by the courts for reasons including improper case filing procedures and technical issues with documentary evidence. An unknown amount is not recoverable because the full extent of the Marcos wealth is unknown.
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ ์น ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก, 1965๋ ๋ถํฐ 1986๋ ๊น์ง ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ๋ํต๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ๋ํ ์์ฐ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฒ์์ด ํ๊ฒฐํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ฐ์ “๋ถ๋ฒ ์ทจ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ(ill-gotten wealth)” ๋๋ “์ค๋ช ํ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์ฐ(unexplained wealth)” ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์ฉ์ด๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก “๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค์ ์ฝํ(Marcos Plunder)“์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒจ๋ฆฐ๋ค ์ํด๋ ธ(Belinda Aquino)์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์์์์ ํธ๋นํ ์ด๋กฑ๊ฐ(Jovito Salonga)๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
2005๋ ์ ์ดฌ์๋ 40 ์์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ(40 Wall Street) ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ 1980๋ ๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ด์ ๋งจํดํผ์์ ๊ตฌ์ ํ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค.
๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋๋ฒ์์ “๋ถ๋ฒ ์ทจ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ”์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฉ๋ค ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์์ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ ์์ ํฉ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณ ํ ๊ธ์ก(์ฝ 13,500๋ฌ๋ฌ) ์ด์์ ์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ชฐ์๋์ด ์ ๋ถ ๋๋ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ๋ ์ฌ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ธ๊ถ ํผํด์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฒฐํ์๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ช ๋ ๋์ ํ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ ๊ธ์ก์ 50์ต~130์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. : 634–635 : 27 ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 21๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ์ ๊ถ ๋์ ํ๋ํ ์ด์ก์ ์ ํํ ํ์ ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ์๋์ ์ ๋ช ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์์ธ ํค์์ค ์์คํ๋์ฌ๋ผ์ค(Jesus Estanislao)๋ ์ด ๊ธ์ก์ด ์ต๋ 300์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.: 175
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ฒ๋ก๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์ง๋ชฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
• ํด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์กฐ์ ์ ์ฉ• ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์์กฐ(ํ๋ฆฌํ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์์ ํ๋ณํ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค์๊ฒ ์ ๊ณต๋ ๋ง๋ํ ์ฌ๋ ์์ฐ ํฌํจ)• 20๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฌ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํธ, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ฐ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค.• ํ๋ฆฌํ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ์ ๋ถ๋์ฐ(ํนํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด ๋ถ๋์ฐ)• ๋ณด์ ๋ฐ ์์ ํ ์ปฌ๋ ์ • ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ๊ธ์ต์ํ• ํ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ์ค์์ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด, ์๊ตญ๋ น ๋ฒ์ง์์ผ๋๋ ๋ฑ ํด์ธ ์ํ ๊ณ์ข• ์ผ๋ถ ํ๊ธ ์์ฐ
์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ฐ ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ์ ์์ก์ ํตํด ํ์๋์๋ค. ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ท์๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ์ ๊ถ์ ์ธ๊ถ ํผํด์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ธ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ผ๋ถ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ธก๊ทผ๋ค๊ณผ์ ํฉ์๋ ํํ์ ํตํด ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ์ธก๊ทผ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฌ์ฐ์ด ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ํ๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ํ์ ์์ก์ ์๋ฅ ์ฆ๋น ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ ์์ก ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ฒ์์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ค ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฒด ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์ ํํ ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธ์ก์ด ์ผ๋ง์ธ์ง๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช ํ๋ค.